Fig 2: Bioactive compounds of sparassis latifolia along with exercise training alleviated the vital hub genes in the COL mice injected with chemotherapy 5-FU. A Relative expression of the IL-1β, B Relative expression of the IL-2, C Relative expression of the CXCL8, D. Relative expression of the FN1. (^ Demonstrates a significant difference with the control group at p < 0.05, ! Demonstrates significant difference with COL group at p < 0.05, $ Demonstrates significant difference with the COL + Chem group at p < 0.05, @ Demonstrates significant difference with COL + Chem + BAC group at p < 0.05, # Demonstrates significant difference with COL + Chemo + EXr group at p < 0.05)

Fig 3: A potential ceRNA network between common hub genes and predicted lncRNA and microRNAs. A, B The ceRNA network emphasized significant lncRNAs and microRNAs in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Our findings suggest that the lncRNAs PVT1, NEAT1, SNHG16, and KCNQ1OT1 target hub genes through the ceRNAs network based on the miRNet online platform. Moreover, the ceRNA network predicts the significant role of microRNA 132-3p in regulating this network. C–F The enrichment analysis of PVT1, NEAT1, SNHG16, and KCNQ1OT1 revealed that these lncRNAs serve as regulatory factors and are involved in the positive regulation of CD8+ and T-cell differentiation, positive regulation of cellular senescence, abnormal immune cells, and morphology, decrease IL-2 secretion, regulation of oxidative stress, regulation of apoptosis cell death, WNT signaling pathway, abnormal intestinal absorption, circulating IL-18 concentration, as well as several biological processes such as epithelial formation, cell adhesion, morphology, cell differentiation, extracellular matrix structure organization, and immune system response, positive regulation of translation process and negative regulation of ubiquitination complex activity, obesity, ion transport, negative regulation of neuroinflammatory response, positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity, regulation of protein kinase C sigaling pathway, histone H3-H4 monomethylation/dimethylation, non cononical WNT signaling pathway via MAPK cascade, decrease susceptibility to endotoxone shock, decrease inflammatory response, increase IL-10 secretion, decrease circulating IL-6 level and TNF-α, decrease acute inflammation, abnormal NK-cell differentiation, and negative regulation of chemokine production

Fig 4: (A, B) ELISA results of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ in the peripheral blood of the prostate cancer in situ model mice. (C, D) ELISA results for IL‐2 and IFN‐γ in peripheral blood from RM‐1 cell subcutaneous tumor model mice. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Fig 5: Lactobacillus plantarum-mediated reduction of serum cholesterol alleviates CRC tumor growth. (A) In vivo bioluminescence imaging showing tumor progression in four groups: I (Lactobacillus plantarum + Normal diet), II (Normal diet), III (Antibiotics), and IV (Antibiotics + Lactobacillus plantarum). Antibiotics group: 0.02mL/g ceftriaxone intragastric administration every two days. (B) Quantification of fluorescence intensity representing tumor size across the four groups. (C) Serum cholesterol and LDL/VLDL expression levels (µg/µl), showing a significant reduction with Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation. (D) Histological analysis of colon tissues from each group, with HE staining showing tissue architecture and Ki-67 staining highlighting proliferating cells. (E-G) Relative expression levels of inflammatory markers IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, respectively, in colon tissues across the four groups. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, with significant differences indicated (*,P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001)