Fig 1: Cumulative risk score for all the participants based on six biomarkers (P3NP, CAF22, osteonectin, irisin, FABP3 and MIF). The scatter plot of the participants with the median risk score (cutoff value = 3.86) was applied to divide into high- and low-risk groups (A). The relative proportion of the clinically diagnosed sarcopenic patients in the two risk-groups (B) and participants’ categorization based on SARC-F scores (C) in the three study cohorts. The relative proportion of the sarcopenic patients as defined by SARC-F criteria in the two risk-groups (D) in healthy controls and patients with COPD and CHF. *p < 0.05.
Fig 2: Significance of cumulative risk score for all the participants based on six biomarkers (P3NP, CAF22, osteonectin, irisin, FABP3 and MIF). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for all the participants (A), healthy controls (B) and the patients with COPD (C) and CHF (D). The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each group to determine the significance of the biomarkers panel in diagnosis of sarcopenia.
Fig 3: Comparison of circulating irisin (A), FABP3 (B) and MIF (C) levels in healthy controls (N = 87) and patients with COPD (N = 86) and CHF (N = 81). The biomarkers levels were generally higher in the participants with advanced sarcopenia based on SPPB (D, E, and F) and SARC-F (G, H, and I) scoring. Values are expressed as mean ± SD, one-way analysis of variance. *p < 0.05.
Fig 4: ChitoAntibac PDMS loaded with MIF activated M1 polarization to enhance bacterial phagocytosis. (A) Percent of M1 macrophages after treatment with MIF-loaded ChitoAntibac PDMS for various durations. Quantification of M1 macrophage population was performed by counting cells that had CD 80 expression level more than 2-fold of that of the cells in the control group. (B) Representative fluorescent images showed macrophages stained with CD 80 antibody (green) after treatment with MIF-loaded ChitoAntibac PDMS for various durations. Scale bar = 50 μm. (C) Representative fluorescent images showed phagocytosis of S. aureus in macrophages with various pretreatments post 3 h of bacterial inoculation. Macrophages were counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue) and Phalloidin (red) with the endocytosed bacteria displayed in green. Scale bar = 20 μm. (D) Number of S. aureus internalized by macrophages with different pretreatments. n = 40. Triplicate experiments were performed. Statistical significance is indicated in the plots where necessary, with * denotes p < 0.05. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig 5: ChitoAntibac PDMS loaded with phage K exhibited rapid and efficient removal of S. aureus in vitro. (A) Optical density measurement showed dose- and time-dependent bacteria-eliminating property of phage K in vitro. (B) Quantification of live bacteria after treatment with different concentrations of phage K. MIC99 was indicated in the plot and used as a baseline to determine the effective antibacterial dose range (highlighted in light brown). (C) Quantification of phage K loaded into ChitoAntibac coated PDMS sheets and Ti alloy. (D) Optical density measurement shows the antibacterial efficacy of phage-loaded ChitoAntibac PDMS and Ti alloy as a function of time. (E) Log reduction of live bacteria (S. aureus) after treatment with ChitoAntibac coated PDMS sheets and Ti alloy. Insets showed optical images of bacterial colonies formed on agar plates that corresponded to respective treatment. (F) Cell viability of mouse neurons after 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-day treatment with ChitoAntibac PDMS loaded with MIF or Phage K. (G) Cell viability of MCC3T3-E1 bone cells after 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-day treatment with ChitoAntibac Ti loaded with MIF or Phage K. Triplicate experiments were performed. Statistical significance is indicated in the plots where necessary, with ** denotes p < 0.01. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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