Fig 1: Activated Cdk3 bypasses requirement for PTP1B for proliferation and cell cycle progression. (A) GB cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding a constitutively active Cdk3 mutant. The presence of Cdk3 AF in cell extracts was verified by Western blot using anti-HA antibodies. (B) GB cells were mock transfected or transfected with a plasmid encoding a constitutively active Cdk3 mutant and incubated 3 h with vehicle, claramine 2 µM or trodusquemine 2 µM. Cells were counted every 24 h. Proliferation of LN229, U87-MG and U251 cells is represented as mean ± SE of three independent experiments. (C) GB cells were mock transfected or transfected with a plasmid encoding a constitutively active Cdk3 mutant, synchronized at G0 and incubated 3 h with vehicle, claramine 2 µM or trodusquemine 2 µM as previously described. Cell cycle arrest was released by the addition of 10% FBS, cells were fixed at indicated time points and stained with propidium iodide. Quantification of the percentage of cells at each phase is represented in the bar graphics. Statistical differences between control and experimental groups of cells are indicated (*P < 0.05). Data are representative of three independent experiments. (D) GB cells were mock transfected or transfected with a plasmid encoding a constitutively active Cdk3 mutant, synchronized at G0 and incubated 3 h with vehicle, claramine 2 µM or trodusquemine 2 µM as previously mentioned. Cell cycle arrest was released by the addition of 10% FBS. The expression levels of the E2F target genes: Cdk1, cyclin A, and cyclin E1 were assessed by RT-qPCR. All data were normalized to control GAPDH. Fold changes were calculated using the ΔCt method (2-ΔΔCt). Data are representative of three independent experiments.
Fig 2: PTP1B dephosphorylates a Cdk3 derived peptide in vitro and both proteins interact in GB cells. (A) The in vitro activity of PTP1B against a phosphopeptide corresponding to residues 9-21 of Cdk3 (KIGEGTpYGVVYKA) was determined by using a malachite-green based assay. An IR β phosphopeptide (TRDIpYETDYYRK) was used as positive control and the nonphosphorylated peptides of Cdk3 and IR β were used as negative controls. Each assay was independently repeated with four replicates and the nmol of phosphate released were calculated. Data are presented as means ± SE. (B). Assessment of Cdk3 activity in Ptp1b +/+ and Ptp1b −/− MEFs. Cell lysates were subjected to Western blot with anti-PTP1B, anti-Cdk3 or anti-phospho Cdk3 antibodies. GAPDH was used as loading control. (C) Co-immunoprecipitation of ectopically expressed wild-type or trapping mutant PTP1B and Cdk3. Cell lysates of transfected cells incubated with or without 1 mM of sodium orthovanadate were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-myc or isotype control IgG antibodies and the presence of Cdk3 in the complex was assessed with anti-HA antibodies. The presence of PTP1B and Cdk3 in cell extracts prior to immunoprecipitation was verified using specific antibodies (input). (D) Co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous PTP1B and Cdk3. LN229, U87-MG and U251 cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-PTP1B or isotype control IgG antibodies and the presence of Cdk3 in the complex was assessed with anti-Cdk3 antibodies. The presence of PTP1B and Cdk3 in cell extracts prior to immunoprecipitation was verified using specific antibodies (input). (E) The physical interaction between endogenously expressed PTP1B and Cdk3 in LN229, U87-MG and U251 GB cells was determined using proximity ligation assays. The figure shows representative confocal microscopy images in which PTP1B-Cdk3 interactions appear as individual fluorescent red dots (lower panels). Anti-mouse and anti-rabbit isotype IgG antibodies were used as negative controls (upper panels).
Fig 3: PTP1B and Cdk3 depletion impairs cell proliferation. (A) GB cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting PTP1B or Cdk3, and the expression of both proteins was assessed by immunoblot. GAPDH was used as loading control. (B) GB cells were synchronized at G0 by serum deprivation and incubated 3 h with vehicle, claramine 2 µM, trodusquemine 2 µM, or transfected with nontargeting siRNAs or siRNAs targeting PTP1B or Cdk3. Cells were counted every 24 h. Proliferation of LN229, U87-MG and U251 cells is represented as mean ± SE of three independent experiments. (C) Ptp1b +/+ and Ptp1b −/− MEFs were synchronized at G0 by serum deprivation and incubated 3 h with vehicle, claramine 2 µM, trodusquemine 2 µM. Cells were counted every 24 h. Proliferation of Ptp1b +/+ and Ptp1b −/− MEFs is represented as mean ± SE of three independent experiments.
Fig 4: Predicted structure of PTP1B in complex with some of the putative substrates identified by SILAC-based phosphoproteomics. (A) Visualization of the complex of Cdk3 (yellow) and the catalytic domain of PTP1B (grey). The catalytic residue Cys215 of PTP1B and pTyr15 of Cdk are indicated in green and red, respectively. (B) Closer view of the PTP1B-Cdk3 interaction. The distance between pTyr15 of Cdk3 and Cys215 of PTP1B is indicated. (C) Visualization of the complex of IR β (yellow) and PTP1B (grey). The catalytic residue Cys215 indicated in green is close to IR β pTyr1146 indicated in red. (D) Closer view of the PTP1B-IR β interaction. The distance between Cdk3 pTyr1146 and PTP1B Cys215 is indicated. (E) Visualization of the complex of DOK1 (yellow) and PTP1B (grey). The catalytic residue Cys215 indicated in green is close to DOK1 pTyr362 indicated in red. (F) Closer view of the PTP1B-DOK1 interaction. The distance between DOK1 pTyr362 and PTP1B Cys215 is indicated.(G) Visualization of the complex of EphA (yellow) and PTP1B (gray). The catalytic residue Cys215 indicated in green is close to EphA pTyr205 indicated in red. (F) Closer view of the PTP1B-EphA interaction. The distance between EphA pTyr205 and PTP1B Cys215 is indicated.
Fig 5: PTP1B reduced activity negatively affects Cdk3/Rb/E2F signaling in human GB cells. (A) The activities of Cdk3 and Rb in GB cells treated with vehicle, claramine 2 µM or trodusquemine 2 µM were assessed by immunoblot using total and phospho-specific antibodies. (B) The activities of Cdk3 and Rb in GB cells transfected with siRNAs targeting PTP1B were assessed by immunoblot using total and phospho-specific antibodies. (C) The expression levels of the E2F target genes: Cdk1, Cyclin A, and Cyclin E1 were assessed by RT-qPCR. All data were normalized to control GAPDH. Fold changes were calculated using the ΔCt method (2-ΔΔCt). Data are representative of three independent experiments.
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