Fig 2: In vitro experiments to verify the biological functions of map‐PD‐L1. Spleen lymphocytes were cocultured with rgEC. For the T cell activation assay, cells were cocultured with anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD28 antibodies for 1 day as a stimulation protocol. In the experimental group, map‐PD‐L1 was anchored to rgEC. Apoptosis (a) and activation (b) of T cells were analyzed by PI and annexin V staining, and CD69 molecular markers, respectively. (c) Detection of rgEC apoptosis after coculture with spleen lymphocytes using a TUNEL Apoptosis Assay Kit. Original magnification, ×400. map‐PD‐L1, membrane‐anchored‐protein PD‐L1; rgEC, rat glomerular endothelial cell

Fig 3: Increased platelet-T cell aggregates in Pink1/Parkin dKO rats at 5–6 months. Whole blood was isolated from WT and Pink1/Parkin dKO rats at 5–6 months of age and processed for flow cytometric analysis. (A) Data shown as truncated violin plots with median and quartiles indicated by black horizontal lines. Multiple unpaired t-test with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons correction was used to determine statistical significance (adjusted p < 0.01**, 0.001***, 0.0001****). Each data point represents a biological replicate (n = 6 WT rats and 8 Pink1/Parkin dKO rats). Representative histograms of the counts for (B) CD61 + CD3+, (C) CD61 + CD4+, and (D) CD61 + CD8 + populations in WT and Pink1/Parkin dKO rats.

Fig 4: Altered levels of lymphocyte subsets circulating in Pink1-Parkin deficient rats at 5–6 months. PBMCs were isolated from WT, Pink1 sKO, Parkin sKO, and Pink1/Parkin dKO rats at 5–6 months of age and processed for flow cytometric analysis. Data shown as truncated violin plots with median and quartiles indicated by black horizontal lines. One-way ANOVA was performed to compare the effect of rat genotype on lymphocyte subsets: CD3+ (F (3, 28) = 3.785, p = 0.0214), CD4+ (F (3, 28) = 8.045, p = 0.0005), CD8+ (F (3, 28) = 2.676, p = 0.0664), CD3- (F (3, 28) = 3.651, p = 0.0244), NK Cells (F (3, 28) = 1.445, p = 0.2509), B Cells (F (3, 28) = 6.376, p = 0.0020). If significant (p < 0.05), Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used to determine statistically significant differences between the rat genotypes (p < 0.05*, 0.01**, 0.001***). Each data point represents a biological replicate (n = 8 rats per genotype).