Fig 1: Increased proportion of senescence- and inflammation-associated uEVs in obesity. (A) The proportion of P16+ uEVs was significantly higher in patients with obesity (OB) (n = 21) compared to healthy volunteers (HV, n = 10), suggesting magnified cellular senescence in obesity. (B) The proportions of P16+ uEVs co-expressing the podocyte marker PODXL was higher in OB, but not those expressing URAT1, UROMODULIN, or PROMININ; (C) Representative flow cytometry dot plots depicting P16+PODXL+ uEVs in HV and OB; (D) The percentage of MCP-1+ uEVs was elevated in OB, indicating an inflammatory renal phenotype; (E) The proportion of MCP-1+PODXL+ uEVs was higher in OB, while no significant differences are observed in MCP-1+ uEVs expressing renal tubular cell markers; (F) Representative flow cytometry plots showing MCP-1+PODXL+ uEVs in HV and OB; (G) The proportion of P16+MCP-1+ uEVs was higher in OB, indicating the coexistence of senescence and inflammation in renal-derived uEVs; (H) P16+MCP-1+PODXL+ uEVs were significantly increased in OB, while other triple-positive renal tubular cells were not; (I) Representative flow cytometry plots for P16+MCP-1+PODXL+ uEVs in HV and OB; ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001; uEVs, urinary extracellular vesicles; HV, healthy volunteers; OB, obesity; PODXL, podocalyxin; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; URAT1, urate transporter-1; UROMODULIN, uromodulin; PROMININ, prominin-1.