hESDC-M produce paracrine factors that drive chondrogenesis of endogenous cells.a Schematic depicting the methylcellulose (MC) culture method created with Biorender.com. b Clonogenicity of porcine bone-marrow derived stromal cells (pBMSCs) in MC with different GFs; n = 4 biological replicates. Representative image of a pBMSC-derived colony after 4 weeks in MC with 3 growth factors (right); scale bar = 100 µm. c Alcian Blue and Toluidine Blue staining (left, middle) and immunohistochemical staining various chondrogenic markers of pBMSCs grown in MC with 3 GFs after 4 weeks. Scale bar = 100 µm. d qPCR of chondrogenic genes (n = 5 biological replicates for P1 pBMSCs and P0 Ch, n = 4 for pBMSCs in MC, and n = 3 for pBMSCs cultured micromass). e Schematic of the MC with Transwell culture method. f Clonogenicity of pBMSCs in MC with a membrane only or hESDC-M in Transwell after 4 weeks, n = 3 biological replicates per group. Representative images of pBMSCs in the Transwell after 4 weeks are shown; scale bar = 100 µm. g qPCR of chondrogenic genes from pBMSCs grown in Transwell with hESDC-M, n = 4 biological replicates. p-values were calculated with an unpaired Student’s t-test; data presented as mean ± SD or box and whisker plots showing all points.