Fig 1: Cellular Stress Response in Non-senescent and Senescent AML-12 in Response to Anti-HIV Drug and Cocaine Derivative Treatments. DMS, dimethylsulfoxide as vehicle control; RL, ritonavir plus lopinavir; HA, hippuric acid (a cocaine derivative); RLH, ritonavir plus lopinavir plus hippuric acid; Western blots of selected metabolic proteins include: P21,cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1; GRP75, a member of the heat shock protein 70 gene family; IP3R2, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) type 2; GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78; CHOP, DNA damage-inducible transcript 3, also known as C/EBP homologous protein; USP10, deubiquitinase 10 involved in diverse cellular processes; USP17, ubiquitin-specific protease 17; USP20, ubiquitin specific peptidase 20; RAB18, a member of the Rab family of Ras-related small GTPases; RCE1, Ras converting enzyme 1.
Fig 2: Cellular Stress Response in Non-senescent and Senescent HepG2 in Response to Ethanol and Cocaine Derivative Treatments. NC, control without drug or ethanol; AGS; cell incubated in an acetaldehyde generating system/medium consisting of ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+); HA, hippuric acid (a cocaine derivative in the liver); AH, AGS plus hippuric acid; Western blots of selected metabolic proteins include: P21, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1; GRP75, a member of the heat shock protein 70 gene family; IP3R2, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) type 2; IGF1, insulin like growth factor 1; GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78; CHOP, DNA damage-inducible transcript 3, also known as C/EBP homologous protein; USP10, deubiquitinase 10 involved in diverse cellular processes; USP20, ubiquitin specific peptidase 20; RAB18, a member of the Rab family of Ras-related small GTPases; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; USP17, ubiquitin-specific protease 17.
Fig 3: Changes of Cellular Stress-related Metabolic Proteins in Non-senescent and Senescent Hepatocytes in Response to Anti-HIV Protease Inhibitor Treatments. (A) Western blots of selected metabolic proteins in HepG2 treated with anti-HIV drugs; (B) Western blots of metabolic proteins in AML-12 treated with anti-HIV drugs; (C) Quantitation of metabolic proteins in HepG2; (D) Quantitation of metabolic proteins in AML-12; DMS, dimethyl sulfoxide as vehicle control; RTV+LPV, ritonavir plus lopinavir; USP10, deubiquitinase 10 involved in diverse cellular processes; USP20, ubiquitin specific peptidase 20; RAB18, a member of the Rab family of Ras-related small GTPases; USP17, ubiquitin-specific protease 17; RCE1, Ras converting enzyme 1; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.005 compared to control cells or DMS.
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