Fig 1: Chd4 and chd3 gene targeting design and testis developmental defects in chd4 mutant mice. A, B Testis specific Cre knockout strategy for deletion of chd4 and chd3. See description in “Materials and methods”. C H&E-stained paraffin testis sections of wild type, ddx4-chd4−/−, and ddx4-chd3−/− mice. D Quantification of testis weight for wild type and homozygous knockout mice is shown. Images and testis weigh measurements were obtained independently from three mice. E Chd3 transcription levels were measured in ddx4-chd3−/− total testis and compared to wild-type littermates (2 months old mice, n = 3). Chd4 transcription level in enriched fractions of spermatogonia obtained from 7 dpp ddx4-chd4−/− and control wild-type litter mate mice (mice, biological replicate n = 3). *** represents P < 0.0001 (two-tailed Student t test)