Fig 2: Immune cells associate with DCLK1 in the colons of UC and IRAEC patients.Paraffin-embedded sections from control or immune-mediated colitis (IRAEC) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients were co-stained with antibodies for DCLK1/CD68 and DCLK1/CD11c, respectively. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Significant co-localization of DCLK1 with both CD68 and CD11c representing macrophages and dendritic cells, respectively, was recorded in the sub-mucosal (stromal) regions in the colons of IRAEC or UC patients compared to control (red arrows) while a subset of DCLK1+ cells did not co-localize with either cell type (white arrows). Scale bar = 100 μm; n = 2 independent experiments.

Fig 3: DCLK1 promotes the progression in CCA through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. A and B RTCA analysis and colony-formation assay showing a reduction of DCLK1 mediated proliferation after the treatment of the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002; C Treating with LY294002 inhibits the DCLK1 mediated migration and invasion; D and E Western blot and IF staining results of the EMT status after LY294002 treatment in DCLK1 overexpression cells

Fig 4: Sirt6 deletion affects the cell number and function of thymic tuft cells.a Downregulated genes or upregulated genes in Sirt6-deficient mTECs are enriched in KEGG pathways, and the top five pathways are ordered by p value. All pathways were selected under the standard of p < 0.05. b Scatter plot shows the difference in TPM values of taste transduction genes between WT and Sirt6-deficient mTECs. c Differential expression of thymic tuft cell-related genes between mTECs sorted from WT and Sirt6 cKO mice. The color scale indicates the level of gene expression. d Representative images of frozen thymic sections from WT and Sirt6 cKO mice (n = 4 per group). Green, KRT5. Red, DCLK1. Scale bars: 100 μm. e Representative flow cytometric profiles and frequency of thymic tuft cells (CD45–EpCAM+MHCIIlowDCLK1high) obtained from 4-week-old Sirt6 cKO mice and littermates (n = 4 per group). f Representative flow cytometric profiles and frequency of L1CAM+ thymic tuft cells from 4-week-old Sirt6 cKO mice and littermates (n = 4 per group). g Representative flow cytometric plots and frequency of TCRβintCD1d+ thymic iNKT cells in 4-week-old Sirt6 cKO mice and littermates (n = 6 per group). h Representative flow cytometric plots and frequencies of NKT1 (PLZF–RORγt–), NKT2 (PLZF+RORγt–), and NKT17 (PLZF–RORγt+) in 4-week-old Sirt6 cKO mice and littermates (n = 6 per group). i Representative flow cytometric plots and frequency of EOMES+TCRβ+CD8 single-positive thymocytes in 4-week-old WT (n = 4) and Sirt6 cKO (n = 5) mice. j Representative flow cytometric plots of Lin–TCR–CD127+ thymic ILCs (upper) and ILC subsets (lower) in Sirt6 cKO mice and littermates. k, l Frequencies of Lin–TCR–CD127+ thymic ILCs (k) and Lin–TCR–CD127+Gata3+Rorγt– ILC2s (l) of WT (n = 5) and Sirt6 cKO (n = 6) mice. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 compared with the identical WT control mice (Student’s t-test). The error bar represents one standard deviation.

Fig 5: Single-Cell Evaluation of Native Rat Tracheal Epithelium(A) Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) of epithelial cell clusters.(B) Heatmap of top DEGs for each cluster (lowest p value, see Method Details); columns grouped by cluster representing 60 randomly selected cells per cluster to show cluster heterogeneity; rows represent unity normalized expression of top 8 DEGs per cluster.(C) Diagram of native rat tracheal epithelium, color-coded to UMAP clusters.(D) IF of key markers for each cluster, including KRT5/IGFBP2 (BCs), CCSP/SPD (secretory; red background staining in lamina propria), DCLK1(tuft)/Tub1α(ciliated), and MUC19 (SMG secretory) (scale bars, 25 μm).See also Figure S1.