Fig 1: Morphologic and functional features of patients and normal controls. (A) Thermoregulatory sweat test (iodine-starch method). Hypohidrosis is seen mainly on the right side of the face. (B) Digital infrared thermal imaging shows a lower temperature in the left side of the face than the right. (C) Pupillary light reflex appears sluggish in the right eye, but normal in the left eye. (D–G) VIP immunoreactive fibers appeared more frequently in the skin of normal controls (D,E) than in Ross patients (F,G). In Ross patients, rare VIP immunoreactive fibers were found around sweat glands in anhidrotic skin (F), while VIP-ir fibers appeared more frequently in hyperhidrotic skin (G). (H–K). The PGP 9.5-ir fibers appeared more frequently in the skin of normal controls (H,I) than in Ross patients (J,K). In Ross patients, the PGP 9.5-ir fibers were severely reduced in anhidrotic skin (J) and slightly reduced in hyperhidrotic skin (K).
Fig 2: Effect of CUR and MOS on serum levels of 5-HT (A) VIP (B) and SP (C) in IBS-C rats. 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; SP, substance P. Results are indicated as mean ± SD and comparison between groups were made using the Student t test (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, NS, not significant).
Fig 3: Antibody against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) stains inhibitory interneurons and Betz cells. Representative images of different morphologies of VIP-positive (VIP+) inhibitory neurons of the primary motor cortex (a). White arrowheads point to the dendritic bifurcations. Inhibitory nature of VIP+ interneurons is shown by co-localisation with gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is missing in Betz cells (b,c). Fluorescence intensity comparison for a VIP+ inhibitory neuron and Betz cell (d). Cyan and yellow arrows point to VIP+ inhibitory neurons and Betz cells, respectively in b–d. Mean ± SEM density of arbitrary fluorescence intensity obtained from variable somatic locations (e) and corrected total fluorescence for somatic area (f) for VIP+ neurons. Scale bar in (d, 20 µm) applies to all fluorescence images. VIP antibodies used in production of images are from Atlas Antibodies (Cat# HPA017324, a,d) and Neuro Mab (Cat# L108/92, b,c).
Fig 4: Immunohistochemical staining for 5-HT (A,B) and VIP (C,D) in colon tissue. Specific proteins are brown after 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine staining, and cell nucleus are blue after Hematoxylin counterstaining (viewed with white light). In panels (A,C), red arrows point to the positive cytoplasmic reaction, red triangle shows strong positive staining in enteric neurocyte. In plots (B,D), the transverse lines in boxplot mean the median.
Fig 5: Expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is limited to the largest layer 5 pyramidal cells. Representative images of Area 4c (a–e) and A6DC (caudal subdivisions of the dorsal premotor area, f–j) are shown using myelin (a,f), Nissl (b and g) and VIP staining (c and h) in CJ226. Arrowheads point to the areal boundaries5. Red lines in (a–c and f–h) identify layers 2–6, while layer 5 is indicated by small black lines. Dashed rectangles in (b,c,g,h) are shown at higher magnification in (d,e,i,j), respectively. Large pyramidal cells are visible within layer 5 (between the two dashed lines) only in Nissl staining (d,i). Scale 1 mm for (a–c) and (f–h), 200 µm for (d–e) and (i–j). VIP antibody used in production of images is from Abcam (Cat# ab30680).
Supplier Page from Abcam for Anti-VIP antibody [02]