Fig 2: Schematic representation of the effects of ruxolitinib on malignancy of cholangiocarcinoma. A JAK2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, can downregulate ALDH1A3 expression and inhibit cell proliferation and migration through STAT1/STAT3 in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines.

Fig 3: STAT1-GFP subcellular localization in U3A cells before and after IFN? stimulus. (A) Confocal images for the respective STAT1 GFP expressing, unstimulated, U3A cells. (B) U3A cells after 1 h of IFN? (1 U/µl) stimulation. Green scale bar is 40 µm. Bottom left inset in each image shows a zoom-in of the cell in the smaller white box.

Fig 4: Characterization of Hep2 cells that constitutively express the V protein of MuV Enders. (a) STAT1 is degraded in cells that constitutively express MuV-V. Naïve Hep2, Hep2/BVDV-Npro and Hep2/MuV-V cells were or were not treated with IFN-a [Roferon A (Roche) 1000 IU ml-1] for 18 h and STAT1 was detected by immunoblot analysis. BVDV-Npro and MuV-V had N-terminal or C-terminal V5 tags, respectively, and their presence was detected by an anti-V5 tag antibody; ß-actin acted as a loading control. (b) Unlike wild-type Bunyamwera virus (BUNV wt), which forms plaques in naïve Hep2, Hep2/MuV-V and Hep2/BVDV cells, a recombinant Bunyamwera virus that does not encode the NSs protein, termed rBUNV?NSs, does not form plaques in naïve Hep2 cells but does plaque Hep2/MuV-V and Hep2/BVDV cells. Plaques shown are 4 days p.i. (c) The ability of naïve Hep2, Hep2/MuV-V, Hep2/PIV5-V and Hep2/BVDV-Npro cells to support the replication of MuV was compared. Cells were infected at an m.o.i. of 0.01 p.f.u. per cell and the amount of infectious virus in the culture medium was titrated at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days p.i. (light, medium and dark grey, and black, respectively).

Fig 5: Characterization of A549 and derived cell lines following IFN treatment or infection with a DVG-rich preparation of PIV5-V?C (vM2). A549, A549/V, A549/NPro, A549/V/Npro, and A549/shIFIT1 cells were treated with IFN-ß (1,000 IU/ml), infected with PIV5-V?C vM2, or left untreated (UI). Cell lysates were prepared after 16 h and subjected to immunoblotting for IRF3, IFIT1, STAT1, the P protein of PIV5, and actin. The first 9 lanes of this figure are reprinted from reference 18.