Fig 2: Analysis of candidate biomarkers mRNA expression.DDX39A (A), HMGA1 (B), HMGA2 (C), HOXC9 (D), and PBX1 (E). Relative gene expression was determined in 6 patient-derived and 2 reference cell lines after 7 days of treatment with natural (ATRA, 9-cis-RA, 13-cis-RA) and synthetic (BEX, 4 HPR) retinoids administered at a 1 μM concentration. Experiments were repeated in triplicate. Representative gel electrophoresis images captured using a UV transilluminator are shown for each sample, including HSP90AB1 as a reference gene.

Fig 3: Kaplan–Meier plot of HMGA1. HMGA1, high mobility group A 1.

Fig 4: Analysis of candidate biomarkers protein expression.(A) DDX39A–49 kDa; (B) HMGA1–18 kDa; (C) HMGA2–18 kDa; (D) HOXC9–29 kDa; and (E) PBX1–46 kDa. Relative protein expression was determined in 6 patient-derived and 2 established NBL cell lines after treatment with natural (ATRA, 9-cis-RA, 13-cis-RA) and synthetic (BEX, 4-HPR) retinoids administered at a 1 μM concentration for 7 days. Images of the representative immunoblot captured using X-ray film are shown for each sample, including GAPDH as a reference protein. Experiments were repeated in triplicate.

Fig 5: Representative images of different staining intensities for HMGA1 in gastric cancer. HMGA1, high mobility group A 1.