Fig 2: The expression of GPRC5A and immune cell infiltration in NSCLC. (A,B) The relationship between GPRC5A expression and TME score in TCGA-LUAD and TCGA-LUSC. (C,D) The relationship between GPRC5A expression and immune cell infiltration in TCGA-LUAD and TCGA-LUSC. (E) The relationship between GPRC5A expression and immune cell infiltration in TCGA-LUAD. (F) The relationship between GPRC5A expression and immune cell infiltration in TCGA-LUSC. (G) The relationship between GPRC5A expression and TMB in TCGA-LUAD and TCGA-LUSC. (H) The relationship between GPRC5A expression and ICIs in TCGA-LUAD and TCGA-LUSC. (I) The relationship between GPRC5A expression and immunophenotype score in TCGA-LUAD and TCGA-LUSC. Significance levels: *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001; ns, not significant. GPRC5A, G-protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 type A; TME, tumor microenvironment; TCGA-LUAD, The Cancer Genome Atlas-Lung Adenocarcinoma; TCGA-LUSC, The Cancer Genome Atlas-Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma; NK, natural killer; TMB, tumor mutational burden; CI, confidence interval; IPS, immunophenotype score; PD-1, programmed cell death 1; +, positive; ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Fig 3: Immunohistochemical analysis of GPRC5A in NSCLC tissues. The score can range from 0 (case with absent staining) to 300 (case with 100% 3+ staining). Pictures show different staining: “0” in (A), “1+” in (B), “2+” in (C), and “3+” in (D). GPRC5A, G-protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 type A; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.

Fig 4: Flow chart. (A) FUSCC cohort 1 was used to analyze the relationship between GPRC5A expression and clinicopathologic characteristics. (B) TCGA cohort was used to analyze the relationship between GPRC5A expression and immune-related factors. (C) FUSCC cohort 2 was used to analyze the relationship between GPRC5A expression and PD-L1 spatial distribution. FUSCC, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC, lung squamous cell carcinoma; TMA, tissue microarray; IHC, immunohistochemistry; GPRC5A, G-protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 type A; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; GO, Gene Ontology; PPI, protein-protein interaction; mIHC, multiplex immunohistochemistry; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1.

Fig 5: Genetic alteration landscape of GPRC5A in NSCLC. (A) OncoPrint summarizes the genetic variations of GPRC5A. *, not all samples are profiled. (B) Alteration frequencies of GPRC5A in different studies by online database cBioPortal. (C) The copy number alterations of GPRC5A. (D,E) The waterfall showed the top 20 gene mutations in LUAD and LUSC grouped by GPRC5A expression. GPRC5A, G-protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 type A; CPTAC, Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; CNA, copy number alteration; CNV, copy number variant; VUS, variants of uncertain significance; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; TMB, tumor mutation burden; LUSC, lung squamous cell carcinoma; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.