Fig 1: Immunofluorescence analysis of NRICM102’s therapeutic effects in a COPD-relevant lung model. Lung tissues from sham controls and COPD-induced mice treated with vehicle, NRICM102 (0.75, 1.5, or 3.0 g/kg), or dexamethasone (2.0 mg/kg) were evaluated for protein expression using immunofluorescence staining. (A) IL-1β, Inhba, and Muc5ac; (B) Clca1, H2M2, and CD14; (C) Prmt8, Ly6g, and Ifi202b; (D) NLRP3, Ighg, and MMP12; (E) Gbp2b and NLRP3. Fluorescent images were captured using a Zeiss LSM780 confocal microscope, and fluorescence intensity was quantified using ImageJ, ZEN 2011 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) or AlphaEase FC (Alpha Innotech, San Leandro, CA, USA). Data are presented as mean fluorescence intensity in arbitrary units (n = 3–5 per group). Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).