Fig 2: Decreased Sirt1 and Sirt7 protein expressions in HFHFD-fed mice liver. (A) Representative protein expression of Sirt1-7, β–actin, and α-tubulin in livers of LFD, HFD, and HFHFD mice. (B,C) Densitometry analysis of (B) Sirt1 and (C) Sirt7 protein expression. Expression was normalized to β-actin. (D–H) Densitometry analysis of (D) Sirt2, (E) Sirt3, (F) Sirt4, (G) Sirt5, and (H) Sirt6 protein expression. Expression was normalized to β-actin or α-tubulin. n = 7–8, * p < 0.05 compared to LFD group.

Fig 3: HFHFD differentially altered sirtuins gene expressions in the liver. Fold change of gene expression of (A) Sirt1, (B) Sirt2, (C) Sirt3, (D) Sirt4, (E) Sirt5, (F) Sirt6, and (G) Sirt7 in livers of LFD-, HFD-, and HFHFD-fed mice. Gene expression was normalized to β-actin. n = 7–8, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared to LFD group. # p < 0.05 compared to HFD group. $ p < 0.05 with Student’s t-test compared to LFD group.

Fig 4: Ginsenoside F1 mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction in somatic cells. (A) ROS level was measured using CM-H2DCFDA. (B) Quantification of ATP level was measured using luminescent ATP detection assay. (C) PCR array of mitochondrial energy metabolism pathways. (D) Immunoblots of OXPHOS complexes in mitochondrial preparation. (E) Immunoblots of SIRT3 and SIRT5 in mitochondrial preparations. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001). The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to test the normality of the distribution. All the data are in accordance with the normal distribution. All the data were compared by one-way analysis of variance followed by a Tukey post hoc test for multiple comparisons.

Fig 5: Ectopic BAG3 expression increases GLS succinylation at Lys158 and Lys164 sites.a Globally screening succinylation proteomics identified that lysine 158 and lysine 164 are succinylated in succinylated GLS. b BAG3 overexpression leads to increased succinylation of GLS in HepG2 and MCF7 cells. c Immunoprecipitation assays of interaction between GLS and SIRT5 in HepG2 cells infected with lentivirus containing empty or BAG3 construct. Ectopic BAG3 expression decreases the interaction between GLS and SIRT5. d Western blot analysis of the levels of SIRT5 in control or BAG3-overexpressing cells. e Co-immunoprecipitation assays of interaction between BAG3 and GLS or SIRT5 in HepG2 cells