Fig 2: Construction and validation of a diagnostic model for DR.(A) LASSO regression coefficient profiles of immune-related genes. (B) Cross-validation plot for tuning parameter (λ) selection in the LASSO model. (C) Nomogram for predicting DR risk based on five key genes (PLAUR, PLAU, VTN, IL10RA, VGF). (D) Calibration curve assessing the predictive accuracy of the nomogram. The diagonal line represents ideal prediction; the pink line represents the nomogram performance. (E-I) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) values for each of the five key genes in discriminating DR from normal samples.