Fig 1: HIV-1 Nef-mediated differential ubiquitination of individual cellular proteins. (A) Heatmap showing Nef-mediated ubiquitination fold change of cellular proteins. The identified 325 cellular proteins that are differentially ubiquitinated in the presence of Nef with statistical significance are labeled along the X-axis, while increases and decreases of ubiquitination of cellular proteins in the presence (UN) and absence (UC) of Nef, respectively, are depicted on the Y-axis; that is, increases in the presence of Nef (UN/UC) are shown by a green line, whereas decreases in ubiquitination in the presence of Nef are indicated by a red line in the UC/UN. Color intensities of each line correspond to fold changes in ubiquitination of the indicated cellular proteins. (B) Top 20 positive and negative ubiquitination fold changes of cellular proteins in the presence of Nef. (C) Validation of Nef-mediated differential ubiquitination of cellular proteins. The level of expression of the indicated proteins in the presence of Nef was nominal, while that of ubiquitination of the proteins was profoundly increased (KEAP1 and PAXBP1) or decreased (SMAD3, ATIC, and E3-BP), indicating that changes in ubiquitination of these proteins were not due to the expression of each protein. Parentheses represent aliases of the indicated genes in part label (B).