Fig 2: The effect of maternal sleep deprivation (MSD) on the maternal isoflurane exposure (MISO)‐induced alterations in growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43), post‐synaptic density‐95 (PSD‐95), synaptophysin (SYN), and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in the hippocampus of offspring mice. (a) Western blotting: 1, control group; 2, MISO group; 3, MSD group; 4, MISO+MSD group. Hippocampal protein levels of (b) GAP‐43, (c) PSD‐95, (d) SYN, and (e) BDNF. *p < .05, **p < .01. ns, not significant.

Fig 3: The effect of maternal sleep deprivation (MSD) on the maternal isoflurane exposure (MISO)‐induced changes in growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43), post‐synaptic density‐95 (PSD‐95), synaptophysin (SYN), and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA levels in the hippocampus of offspring mice. The hippocampal mRNA levels of (a) GAP‐43, (b) PSD‐95, (c) SYN, and (d) BDNF. A: control group; B: MISO group; C: MSD group; D: MISO + MSD group.

Fig 4: Effects of an environmental enrichment (EE) on synaptic plasticity-associated proteins in the hippocampus of elderly offspring mice exposed to maternal sleep deprivation (MSD). (A) Expression level of BDNF in the hippocampus. (B) Expression level of TrkB in the hippocampus. (C) Representative western blotting of BDNF, TrkB, PSD-95, and SYN proteins in the hippocampus: band 1, Control group-male; band 2, MSD-group male; band 3, MSD + EE group-male; band 4, Control group-female; band 5, MSD group-female; band 6, MSD + EE group-female. (D) Expression level of PSD-95 in the hippocampus. (E) Expression level of SYN in the hippocampus. **p < 0.01 vs. Control group in males; $$p < 0.01 vs. Control group in females; ##p < 0.01 vs. MSD group in males; &&p < 0.01 vs. MSD group in females.

Fig 5: The effects of resveratrol (Res) on the protein expression levels of SIRT1, BDNF, PSD-95, and SYP in the hippocampus of offspring mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in utero. (A) Representative western blots of SIRT1, BDNF, PSD-95, and SYP in the hippocampus: band 1, Control+saline group; band 2, Control+Res group; band 3, MLPS+saline group; band 4, MLPS+Res group. (B) Quantitative analysis of SIRT1 levels. (C) Quantitative analysis of BDNF levels. (D) Quantitative analysis of PSD-95 levels. (E) Quantitative analysis of SYP levels. **p < 0.01 compared to the Control + saline group; $$p < 0.01 compared to the Control + Res group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 compared to the maternal LPS exposure (MLPS) + saline group.