Fig 1: Effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on CX3CR1 expression in mice and of CX3CR1 exposure on cultures of BV2 cells. (a) Schematic diagram of vitro experiments with BV-2 cells. (b) Alteration in the expression of CX3CR1 when CX3CL1 was administered at different timepoints. (c) Micrograph showing microglia phagocytosing fluorescent microbeads (green) after exposure to CX3CL1. Microglia were immunostained for Iba1 (red). (d) Alterations in the morphology of microglia after exposure to CX3CL1. (e) Alterations in the phagocytic activity of microglia after CX3CL1 treatment at different time points. (f) Hippocampal expression of CX3CR1 at the protein level. (g) Hippocampal expression of TREM2 at the protein level. Data are the mean ± standard error of the mean. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)