Fig 1: AS-Lipo@R modulates the immune environment in the colon of 3% DSS-induced colitis mice. (A) Immunofluorescence staining of colonic sections showing ATX expression (red) in normal and DSS-treated mice administered with saline, Lipo@R, or AS-Lipo@R. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue) (scale bar, 50 μm). (B) Relative mRNA expression of ATX and autophagy-related genes (Atg5, Atg7, Beclin-1, LC3B, and p62) in colonic lymph node (CLN) tissues measured by qRT-PCR (n = 3). (C) Immunofluorescence staining of colonic sections visualizing M1 macrophage markers CD80 (green) and CD86 (red) in different groups (scale bar, 50 μm). (D) Immunofluorescence staining of M1 (iNOS+, green) and M2 (CD163+, red) macrophage markers in colonic sections (scale bar, 50 μm). (E and F) Relative mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (Arg-1, IL-10) in CLN tissues (n = 3). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001. ns, not significant.