Fig 2: Eng inhibited the RANKL-induced NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway. (A) RAW264.7 was treated with 50 ng/mL RANKL and different concentrations of Eng. Representative Western blotting images of the effects of Eng on IκBα and P65 phosphorylation. (B) The ratios of band intensity of IκBα and P65 phosphorylation relative to total IκBα and P65 were quantitatively determined (C) RAW264.7 was treated with 50 ng/mL RANKL and different concentrations of Eng. Representative Western blotting images of the effects of Eng on ERK, JNK, P38 phosphorylation. (D) The ratios of band intensity of ERK, JNK and P38 phosphorylation relative to total ERK, JNK and P38 were quantitatively. (E) RAW264.7 were pretreated with Eng (40 μM) for 60 min and stimulated by RANKL (50 ng/mL) for the indicated time points. (F) The ratios of phosphorylated ERK, JNK, and P38 bands to total ERK, JNK, and P38 bands at different time points were quantified. All bar charts are presented as mean ± SD; n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ns: not statistically significant.

Fig 3: L. casei IB1 inhibits the inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-κB- and MAPK-mediated signaling pathways. (A–D) Statistical analysis of P65, P-P65, ERK1/2, P-ERK1/2, P38, P-P38, JNK, and P-JNK levels in the colon. The data are shown as the means ± SEMs. ## p < 0.01, compared to the CON group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, compared to the DSS group.

Fig 4: Effect of MCH on the level of inflammatory cytokines and JNK/ERK signaling pathway in influenza-induced mice. (A-B) The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α detected by ELISA, n = 6. (C) Expression of MKP-1, p-JNK, JNK, p-ERK, and ERK proteins in the hippocampous detected by Western blot. (D-F) Quantitative analysis of the ratio of p-JNK/JNK and p-ERK/ERK. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6 for ELISA assay and Western blot assay. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

Fig 5: AZM inactivated the SAPK/JNK pathway. Western blot to assess p-SAPK/JNK and SAPK/JNK protein levels in lung tissues. n = 6. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc testing using Tukey’s test. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001