Fig 2: PHB2 expression is negatively correlated with SHIP2 expression, and positively correlated with p-Akt and Ki67 expression in GC. A representative photograph showed the expression of PHB2, SHIP2, p-Akt, and Ki67 in GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues examined by IHC staining (n = 15). Scale bar: 200 μm. B-D the expression correlations between PHB2 and SHIP2 (B), PHB2 and p-Akt (C), and PHB2 and Ki67 (D) depicted in A were analysed using using Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. n = 15 clinical samples. E, F the expression correlations between PHB2 and SHIP2 (E), and PHB2 and Ki67 (F) in GC tissues from the Human Protein Atlas dataset (https://www.proteinatlas.org) were analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. n = 9 clinical samples. G Western blotting analysis of PHB2, SHIP2, p-Akt, and GAPDH protein expression in gastric tumour (T) patient samples and paired adjacent normal (N) gastric tissues. Data are representatives

Fig 3: TA impedes neutrophil recruitment through modulation of the CXCL1/CXCL2–CXCR2 axis in vivo. A Experimental design of the in vivo model. B Body weight changes of mice in different treatment groups. C–E Colon length and adenoma number in each group, with representative macroscopic images and quantitative analysis. F Representative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining images of colon tissues (10 × magnification). G Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) staining images of Ki-67 protein expression in colon tissues (10 × magnification). H–I Quantitative analysis of neutrophil populations in colon tissues detected by flow cytometry. All data are expressed as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

Fig 4: TA preserves intestinal barrier integrity in AOM/DSS-treated mice. A Representative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining images of colon tissues, showing histopathological changes under different treatments (10 × magnification). B Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) staining images of Ki-67 protein expression in colon tissues, indicating epithelial proliferative activity (10 × magnification). C Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images of ZO-1 and claudin protein expression in colon tissues, reflecting intestinal tight junction integrity (20 × magnification)