Fig 1: Effects of therapeutic electrical stimulation on inflammatory cytokines and related signaling pathways in ischemic stroke. (A) Western blot and quantification of S100a9, Trem2, Tlr4, and Myd88. (B) Western blot and corresponding bar graphs of p-SATA1/STAT1 and p-NF-kB/NF-kB in the nucleus and cytoplasm. (C) Western blot and corresponding quantification of IL-1β, Iba1, and TNF-α. These findings revealed that electrical stimulation in an ischemic stroke model decreased the levels of cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α by modulating STAT1 and NF-kB activation. All data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 6/group); * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 vs. each group using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s test. White dot means individual values. MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion.