Fig 2: (A) Proliferation assay in 72 hours, (B) Cell cycle assay, (C) Migration assay and (D) Invasion assay at 72 hours of Con, sh-B4GalT1 and control-shB4GalT1 group. (E) Western blot assay of IDH1, MGMT and ki-67 expression in vitro. (F) Quantification of IDH1, MGMT and ki-67 expression. Protein levels were normalized to GAPDH. (sh-B4GalT1 vs. other group, *p < 0.05, n = 6 per group).

Fig 3: (A) Tumor volume in 28 days period and (B) Tumor weight at 28 day of Con, sh-B4GalT1 and control-shB4GalT1 mice. (C) Western blot assay of IDH1, MGMT and ki-67 expression in vivo. (D) Quantification of IDH1, MGMT and ki-67 expression. (E) Survival analysis of Con, sh-B4GalT1 and control-shB4GalT1 mice. Protein levels were normalized to GAPDH. (sh-B4GalT1 vs. other group, *p < 0.05, n = 6 per group).

Fig 4: Dynamic changes in SDHB regulate villous succinate levels and pregnancy progression.a Western blot analysis of glycolysis and citrate cycle enzymes in villi (n = 3 biologically independent samples) and decidua (n = 3 biologically independent samples) from normal controls. The timing of pregnancy termination (day) is shown for each sample. Right panel: quantitative western blot results of three samples per group. b mRNA levels of glycolytic and citrate cycle genes (n = 5 persons). Exact P values in b are listed below: HK1 1.3 × 10−5, GPI 1.4 × 10−5, TPI 1.3 × 10−5, PGK1 0.00247, ENO1 0.00142, PKM2 0.000206, 6PGD 3.4 × 10−5, TKT 0.00225, PDHA1 0.000238, CS 0.164, IDH1 5.9 × 10−6, IDH2 8.5 × 10−6, IDH3A 0.000383, OGDH 0.000115, SUCLA2 2.8 × 10−5, SDHA 1.8 × 10−5, SDHB 6.4 × 10−7, SDHC 0.00162, FH 4.6 × 10−5, and MDH2 0.000902. c SDHB and FH expression during pregnancy progression. The timing of pregnancy termination (Day) is shown for each sample. Lower panel: quantitative western blot results. d SDHB mRNA levels in villi and decidua during pregnancy progression. e Succinate levels in villi and decidua during pregnancy progression. The number of samples at each pregnancy termination (n) is shown on the horizontal coordinate (c–e). a, b Data represent the mean ± standard error, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns not significant. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t tests in a, b. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.