Fig 1: MOS improves sperm function by activating the IGF-1/PI3K/mTOR pathway. (A) Western blot analysis of protein expression of p-Akt, Akt, p-mTOR, mTOR, p-PI3K, PI3K, Bcl-2, IGF-1, and Cleaved Caspase-3 (n = 3). (B) Total sperm motility analysis (n = 5). (C) Progressive sperm motility analysis (n = 5). (D) Serum FSH levels detection (n = 5). (E) Western blot analysis of IGF-1/PI3K/mTOR pathway-related protein expression in different treatment groups (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Compared with the model group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Akt, Protein Kinase B; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1; FSH, Follicle-stimulating hormone; Rapa, Rapamycin.