Fig 2: CELF1 knockdown promotes cell apoptosis and inhibits autophagy.A, B CCK8 assess IC50 values and inhibition curves after CELF1 knockdown in KG-1/ADR and HL-60/ADR cells. C, D Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis in cells following CELF1 knockdown. E Western blot analysis of autophagy markers in cells after CELF1 knockdown. F, G Autophagic organelles visualized by transmission electron microscopy in cells after CELF1 knockdown. H, I Tandem mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescence assay performed in CELF1 knockdown cells to monitor autophagic flux.

Fig 3: CELF1 is overexpressed in in AML drug-resistant cell lines.A, B Pan-cancer expression of CELF1 between tumor tissues and normal tissues from TCGA. C, D RT-qPCR and Western Blot evaluate CELF1 expression across diverse AML cell lines. E, F The IC50 values and inhibitory curve in KG-1 and HL-60 cells with ADR tested. G, H The IC50 values and inhibitory curve in KG-1/ADR and HL-60/ADR cells with ADR tested. I, J RT-qPCR and Western Blot analysis of CELF1 expression in AML drug-resistant cells compared to parental cells.

Fig 4: CELF1 depletion combined with ADR treatment reduced leukemia progression in an AML mouse model.A, B Comparison of the evolution of bioluminescence emission in mice treated with ADR in combination with each group or the untreated group after injection of HL-60/ADR Luci cells, measured by the IVIS Spectrum. C, D CD45+ cell proportion in mouse bone marrow assessed by flow cytometry in each group. E H&E staining shows that CELF1 knockdown reduces leukemic infiltration and preserves tissue structure in the spleen, lung, liver and kidney, while ATG5 overexpression partially reverses this effect. F Kaplan–Meier survival curves of the four different treatment groups.

Fig 5: CELF1 modulates AML cell autophagy via ATG5 to combat ADR resistance.A, B CCK8 assess IC50 values and inhibition curves after CELF1 knockdown and ATG5 upregulation in AML cells. C, D Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis in cells following CELF1 knockdown and ATG5 upregulation. E Western blot analysis of autophagy markers in cells after CELF1 knockdown and ATG5 upregulation. F, G Autophagic organelles visualized by transmission electron microscopy in cells after CELF1 knockdown and ATG5 upregulation. H, I Tandem mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescence assay performed in cells after CELF1 knockdown and ATG5 upregulated to monitor autophagic flux.