Fig 2: Association between NK cells infiltration and LRRC25 expression. A, B Association between NK cells infiltration levels and LRRC25 expression was studied by two different algorithms: MCPCOUNTER and EPIC. C, D Association between CD16 expression and LRRC25 expression in TIMER 2.0 database and TCGA-STAD database. E The abundance of different cell types calculated by MCPCOUNTER was shown in the heatmap. There were significant differences in LRRC25 expression, tumor stage, grade, and immune cell infiltration between the high and low NK cells groups. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001

Fig 3: Oral OM‐85 treatment induces significant changes in the immune cell subsets during follow‐up of the treatment group patients. (A) The percentages of the NK cell subsets in the peripheral blood of patients in the treatment group at baseline and follow‐up. The y‐axis represents percentage of NK cells; the x‐axis displays different immune cell subsets; the enrollment phase and follow‐up data are represented with distinct colors. A combination of box plot and scatter plot shows the percentage of NK cells at baseline and follow‐up. The dashed lines connect data points from the same patient (n = 33). (B) The relationship between the changes in the percentage of NK cells (x‐axis) and changes in the nodule volumes (y‐axis) of patients in the treatment group. (C) Representative mIF images (20× magnification) showing differences in the infiltration of NK cells in the pulmonary nodule region between the control and treatment groups. Note: blue, DAPI; pink, PanCK; yellow, CD16; and green, CD56. The control groups included blank control (ROI = 4) and antibiotic control (ROI = 4). (D) The histograms showing differences in the proportion of CD56+ NK cells in the intratumoral regions of pulmonary nodule samples between the control group (ROI = 8) and the treatment group (ROI = 4). The data in 3D represents the quantitative analysis of mIF data that is shown in (C) (p < 0.001). (E) Single‐cell sequencing data analysis showing the proportion of several types of immune cells. UMAP demonstrating the eight major cell types. (F) Percentage bar graph outlines the proportion of several types of immune cells in the normal lung tissues, pulmonary nodule areas of the untreated patient, and in the pulmonary nodule area of the treated patient. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.