Fig 1: Mtb infection induces autophagy in macrophages. THP-1 cells were treated with 3-MA or left untreated, followed by Mtb infection for 24 h. a Expression of ATG5, BECN1, LC3B, and LL37 was determined by qRT-PCR. b Quantitative analysis of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) from flow cytometry data, showing LC3B protein levels. Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments (n = 3). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.