Fig 2: Dapagliflozin inhibited DNL in the liver of db/db mice. (A) Immunohistochemistry of ACC, FAS, and ChREBP in liver tissues. (B) The relative level of integrated optical densities (IODs) of ACC, FAS, and ChREBP. Values were mean ± SEM, n = 3. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs. wild-type (WT) mice. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.01 vs. db/db mice. & p < 0.05, && p < 0.01, and &&& p < 0.001 vs. dapagliflozin-treated wild-type mice. One-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test. DNL = de novo lipogenesis; FAS = fatty acid synthase; ACC = acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ChREBP1 = carbohydrate responsive element binding protein.

Fig 3: HF Diet Induces Liver Inflammation. The percentage of (A) CD3+CD4+, (B) CD3+CD8+ T cells and (C) M1 macrophages (F4/80+CD11c+) in liver mononuclear cells were detected by flow cytometry at 8 weeks. The cells were analyzed by FACS. (D) mRNA expression levels of the TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were measured by RT-qPCR at 8 weeks. (E) Liver MDA activity was measured at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. (F) mRNA expression levels of the FAS, ACC1, CD36, ChREBP, and SREBP1c were measured by RT-qPCR. (G) Representative images of Western blots for lipid metabolism (FASN, ACC1, CD36, ChREBP, and SREBP1c). (H) Gray-scale value analysis of FASN, ACC1, CD36, ChREBP, and SREBP1c. The student’s t-test was used to determine statistical significance. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.