Fig 1: RNA expression pathways in Aldh1a3 knockout β-cells.A qPCR analyses of selected genes using sorted β-cells from β-Aldh1a3 KO_db/db, lean or db/db mice. Results were normalized by the expression of the 18S ribosomal subunit RNA and expressed as fold changes relative to expression levels in lean control. Data are expressed as means ± SEM for n = 3 biologically independent samples per group. Two-way ANOVA with multiple comparison test was used for statistical analysis. B GO terms of enriched genes in ALDH1A3 knockout β-cells. C qPCR analyses as in (A). Data are expressed as means ± SEM for n = 3 biologically independent samples per group. Two-way ANOVA with multiple comparison test was used for statistical analysis. D Co-immunostaining of REG1 or REG2 (green), insulin (Red) and DAPI (blue) in db/+ (left), db/db (middle) or β-Aldh1a3 KO_db/db (right) pancreata. Representative immunofluorescence images of n = 4 mice per group. Scale bars: 100 μM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.