Fig 2: FnD treatment upregulates levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Relative Tnfa mRNA log2 fold change (A) and relative IL1b mRNA log2 fold change (B) are shown as box-whisker plots. Concentrations of cytokines released into the medium are shown as box-whisker plots for TNF-α (C) and IL-1β (D). Two-way ANOVA was used to test statistical significance. Pairwise comparisons are denoted with letters, shared letters imply no significant difference between groups. Actual p values are indicated in the text (n = 3 independent cultures, performed in duplicate).

Fig 3: Enrichment analysis for the 120 common compound targets for NF-κB signaling pathway. The figure presents KEGG Pathways enrichment analysis, visualizing the significantly enriched pathways associated with the gene set. The y-axis lists the identified pathways, including C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, antifolate resistance, adipocytokine signaling pathway, retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Chagas disease, and Epstein–Barr virus infection. The x-axis represents the signal values, indicating the degree of enrichment. Each pathway is represented by a bubble, where bubble size denotes the gene count contributing to each pathway, with larger bubbles representing a higher number of genes. Bubble color represents the False Discovery Rate, with darker blue indicating higher statistical significance and lighter green representing lower significance. A grouping similarity threshold of 0.8 is applied, as shown by the shaded green region on the right side of the figure. The most enriched pathways include the C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway and osteoclast differentiation, which have the highest signal values and gene counts.