Fig 1: ELISA-based quantification of MAPK8, SIRT3, GPX1, and IL-6 Protein levels in ligamentum flavum tissue across increasing pain intensity (VAS 4–10).
Fig 2: Validation of oxidative stress–related gene expression by RT-qPCR in hypertrophic ligamentum flavum compared with normal ligamentum flavum. CAT, catalase; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1; SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2; SOD3, superoxide dismutase 3; GPX1, glutathione peroxidase 1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL1B, interleukin 1 beta; IL6, interleukin 6; CXCL8 (IL8), C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 8; MAPK1 (ERK2), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK8 (JNK1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MAPK14 (p38α), mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; TP53, tumor protein p53; PRDX1, peroxiredoxin 1; MMP9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; ICAM1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; BCL2, B-cell lymphoma 2; SIRT3, sirtuin 3. Bar graph showing fold-change values (mean ± SD) for selected genes validated by RT-qPCR. Positive values indicate upregulation and negative values indicate downregulation in hypertrophic LF samples.
Fig 3: STRING-based protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of oxidative stress–related differentially expressed genes in hypertrophic ligamentum flavum tissue. Each node represents a protein encoded by one of the identified genes, and edges indicate experimentally validated or predicted functional associations. The network contains 32 nodes and 224 edges, with an average node degree of 14 and a PPI enrichment p-value < 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁶. BCL2, B-cell lymphoma 2; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CAT, catalase; CAV3, caveolin 3; CASP3, caspase 3; CASP9, caspase 9; COL4A1, collagen type IV alpha 1 chain; CP, ceruloplasmin; CRP, C-reactive protein; CXCL8, C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 8; GPX1, glutathione peroxidase 1; ICAM1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IFNG, interferon gamma; IL1B, interleukin 1 beta; IL6, interleukin 6; JUN, jun proto-oncogene AP-1 transcription factor subunit; MAPK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (ERK2); MAPK8, mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (JNK1); MAPK10, mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 (JNK3); MAPK14, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (p38α); MMP9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; MTRFR, mitochondrial methionyl-formyltransferase domain-containing protein; NOS1, nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal); NRF1, nuclear respiratory factor 1; NFE2L2 (NRF2), nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; OXR1, oxidation resistance 1; OXSR1, oxidative stress–responsive kinase 1; PIK3CA, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha; PRDX1, peroxiredoxin 1; SIRT3, sirtuin 3; SLC2A1, solute carrier family 2 member 1 (glucose transporter 1); SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1 (cytosolic); SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2 (mitochondrial); SOD3, superoxide dismutase 3 (extracellular); STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TP53, tumor protein p53.
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