Fig 1: The expression profiles and clinicopathological signatures of Secretogranin V (SCG5). (A–C) Box plots presenting the levels of SCG5 transcript in NOP and PAC. (D) Box plot showing SCG5 expression at each stage of PAC. The boxplots (A–D) present the 25% quartile, the median, and 75% quartile. Student’s t- test (A–C) and one-way ANOVA (D) determined the statistical significance. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05. (E–G) Kaplan–Meier curves for overall survival of patients with PAC from TCGA cohort. (H) The forest plot showing the hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals associated with the SCG5 level.
Fig 2: Performance of constructed random-forest (RF) models. (A–D) Plots summarizing the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) (A), accuracy (B), F1 score (C), and kappa value (D) of RF models that classifies normal pancreas and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. (E, F) Plots highlighting the AUROC (E), accuracy (F), F1 score (G), and kappa value (H) of RF models that characterize the prognosis of PAC. (I, J) Tables summarizing the performance (I) and selected features (J) of XGBoost modeling, (K) Venn diagram showing SCG5 as the only common feature in two distinct ML models.
Fig 3: Unbiased transcriptomic analysis shows that pancreatic SCG5 expression is associated with the adipopenia phenotype. (A) Bubble plot summarizing the results of gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) dissecting adipose transcriptomic profiles from donors of pancreatic SCG5-high or -low groups. (B) Representative enrichment plots of cachexia and adipopenia-related gene sets. (C–F) Gene networks comparing correlations among top genes of each indicated gene set, human phenotype ontology (HP) Lipodystrophy (C), HP Cachexia (D), Gene Ontology biological process (GOBP) Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly (E), and GOBP Brown fat cell differentiation (F).
Fig 4: SCG5 expression in human pancreatic tissues is positively associated with the size of subcutaneous adipocytes. (A) Bar plot showing pancreatic expression of SCG5 in the human Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) portal. (B) Hematoxylin and eosin-stained images of human subcutaneous adipose tissues from the GTEx portal, (C, D) Plots displaying the (C) size and (D) distribution of the cross-sectional area of adipocytes from H&E-stained histological images. The boxplots (C) present the 25% quartile, the median, and 75% quartile. Student’s t- test (C) assessed the statistical significance. ****p < 0.0001.
Fig 5: Plasma level of SCG5 distinguishes patients with PAC from those without PAC. (A) Plasma level of SCG5 in patients with PAC and those without PAC. (B, C) Plasma level in (B) male and (C) female participants. The boxplots (A–C) present the 25% quartile, the median, and 75% quartile. Student’s t- test computed the statistical significance. ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01. (D) Receiver operating characteristic curve proposing optimal cut-off value (106.27 ng/ml) distinguishing patients with PAC from those without PAC. (E–H) Scatter plots estimating correlations between plasma SCG5 and BMI (E) or age (F–H). (I–O) Scatter plots showing correlations between plasma SCG5 and BMI (E) or age in females (I–L) and males (M–P).
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