Fig 2: Comparison between the DM day 0 and 180 groups. (A) Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL). (B) Fructosamine (mmol/L). (C) MDA (μM). (D) GSH/GSSG. (E) IL-6 (ng/μL). (F) IL-10 (ng/μL) (*statistically significant at P < 0.05).

Fig 3: The concentrations of immunnoglobulin, cytokines, and hormones in the serum of dogs fed with rice- and corn-RS-based diets.(A) IgG; (B) IL6; (C) TNF-α; (D) adiponectin; (E) insulin; and (F) leptin content at the beginning (0 weeks) and the end (16 weeks) of the experiment. Data are expressed as the mean ± SE. *p < 0.05 versus CON; Paired t-test, #p < 0.05 versus 0 weeks. RS, resistant starch; CON, rice-based diet; TRT, corn-RS-based diet.

Fig 4: The concentrations of immunoglobulin, cytokines, and hormones in the serum of dogs fed with rice-based diets with or without barley sprouts. (A) Insulin, (B) leptin, (C) IFN-γ, and (D) IL-6 contents at the initiation and end of the experiment. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Gray boxes represent before feeding the experimental diet, and white boxes represent after 16 weeks of being fed the experimental diet. CON, group fed a rice-based diet without barley sprouts; BS, group fed a rice-based diet with barley sprouts; * p < 0.05 versus 0 weeks. n = 7 per group.