Fig 2: Protective effect of Gal EO (50 or 100 mg/kg for 2 weeks) in Genta-associated AKI as reflected in renal function tests including serum level of Cr (a), uric acid (b), BUN (c), CysC (d), NGAL (e), and Kim-1 (f) as well as the urine albumin/creatinine (g). All values were stated as mean ± SD (n = 6). # signifies compared to the normal group; ∂ signifies compared to the Genta group; Φ signifies compared to Genta +Gal EO (50 mg/kg) group. Comparisons done using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test (p < 0.05).

Fig 3: Integrated temporal comparison of filtration-related biomarkers and histological injury scores during hypobaric hypoxia exposure. (A) Temporal changes in serum Cystatin C (CysC) levels. (B) Temporal changes in serum creatinine (CRE) levels. (C) Longitudinal progression of histological scores, including the RTI score and the OM congestion score. The figure does not present an independent dataset but reorganizes selected functional and histological parameters on a common exposure timeline to visualize their temporal divergence. Serum CysC and CRE are shown as filtration-related functional markers, whereas RTI score and outer medullary congestion-like score are shown as histological injury indices. Data are presented as mean ± SD for biomarkers and median [IQR] for pathological scores. For serum biomarkers, Tukey-adjusted post hoc comparisons did not identify significant pairwise differences between individual time points; therefore, the biomarker trajectories should be interpreted as exploratory temporal patterns.

Fig 4: Macroscopic and biochemical characteristics of hypoxic renal injury. Box-and-scatter plots showing individual data points (N = 6 per group), medians, and interquartile ranges. (A) Right Kidney Weight, (B) Right Kidney Length, (C) Kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1), (D) Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), (E) Serum interleukin-18 (IL-18), (F) Cystatin C (CysC), and (G) Serum creatinine (CRE). Overall group differences were assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-adjusted post hoc comparisons for pairwise testing. No individual pairwise comparison among the serum biomarkers reached statistical significance after Tukey correction. Detailed descriptive statistics and Tukey-adjusted P values are provided in Supplementary Table 1.

Fig 5: Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis of the association between the duration of high-altitude exposure and renal structural and functional indicators. Non-linear relationships were modeled using restricted cubic splines with four knots placed at the 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th percentiles of exposure duration. In each panel, the solid line represents the estimated regression coefficient (β) relative to the reference value (10th percentile), and the shaded area denotes the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The right y-axis indicates the corresponding percentage change derived from the β estimates for ease of interpretation. (A) Serum creatinine (CRE). (B) Serum cystatin C (CysC). (C) Mean diameter of glomerular. (D) Outer medulla (OM) congestion score. (E) Renal tubular injury score. Across panels, the fitted curves suggested an approximate change in slope around Day 7. Given the limited number of experimental time points, this pattern should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating rather than as a definitive biological threshold. Significant non-linearity was observed for panels B, D, and E (P for non-linearity < 0.05).