Fig 1: Particulate matter (PM) 2.5 exposure exacerbated the airway inflammation response and increased cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). BALF was collected and analyzed to determine interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17A secretion. Increased secretion of IL-4 (A), IL-5 (B), IL-13 (C), and IL-17A (D) in BALF of mice after 28 days of PM2.5 exposure. Data are represented as the mean±SD (n=6 mice per group). ##P<0.01 compared to the Con group; *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared to the PM group. Con, normal mice; PM, PM2.5-exposed mice; HY2782, Lactobacillus casei HY2782-fed PM group; HY2782 complex, L. casei HY2782 and PRE-fed PM group; Dex, dexamethasone-treated PM group.
Fig 2: Modulation of Cytokines by iAs during Skin Carcinogenesis, as Modulated by BTE. (a) Levels of cytokines, TNF-a, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17a, IL-22 as assessed by ELISA have been depicted as bar diagram. Values are mean of three independent experiments and are significant at *p<0.0001, with respect to the control value. Modulation of cytokine levels by BTE, with respect to the treated group is significant at ap<0.0001, bp<.001, cp<0.05. (b) Expression levels of TNF-a, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17a, IL-22, as altered by iAs and modulated by BTE have been shown. Lanes 1, 2, 3 signify control, iAs and iAs+BTE treated groups respectively
Fig 3: Particulate matter (PM) 2.5 exposure exacerbated the systemic and airway inflammation response and increased cytokine levels in serum. Serum was collected and analyzed to determine interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17A secretion. Increased secretion of IL-4 (A), IL-5 (B), IL-13 (C), and IL-17A (D) in the serum of mice after 28 days of PM2.5 exposure. Data are represented as the mean±SD (n=6 mice per group). ##P<0.01 compared to the Con group; *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared to the PM group. Con, normal mice; PM, PM2.5-exposed mice; HY2782, Lactobacillus casei HY2782-fed PM group; HY2782 complex, L. casei HY2782 and PRE-fed PM group; Dex, dexamethasone-treated PM group.
Fig 4: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of puerarin in rats with bone graft defects. (A) Pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-6 and TGF-β1 in the serum of rats with bone grafts following treatment with puerarin or PBS. (B) Anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IL-10 in the puerarin and PBS groups in rats with bone grafts following treatment with puerarin or PBS. (C) Puerarin administration decreased serum ALT, AST, γ-GT, ALP, DBIL and TBIL levels in experimental rats. (D) Antioxidant activity in bone tissue of rats with bone graft defects following treatment with puerarin or PBS. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. Student's t-test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of differences between two groups. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. PBS. TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; TGF, transforming growth factor; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; γ-GT, γ-glutamyl transferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; DBIL, direct bilirubin; TBIL, total bilirubin.
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