Fig 1: Inflammation in the heart, kidney and circulation of the adenine group. Panel A shows the level of markers of pyroptosis including NLRP3 and GSDMD (n = 6, ****P < 0.0001 and ***P < 0.001, Student’s t test). The plasma level of KIM-1 (n = 6, **P < 0.01, Mann–Whitney U test.), MPO (n = 10 for each group, ****P < 0.0001, Student’s t test), and MCP-1 (n = 6 for control vs. n = 5 for adenine, Student's t test) are depicted in panels (B–D). The level of indoxyl sulfate is shown in (E) (n = 6, P < 0.05, Student’s t test). Infiltration of CD45-positive immune cells in the extracellular regions of LV of adenine-fed rats is demonstrated in (F) and quantified in (G) (n = 4, *P < 0.05, Student’s t test). (Data are expressed as mean ± SD)
Fig 2: Prevention of peritoneal adhesion in rat ischemic button model using sHAChiF.a Schematic illustrations of modeling rat ischemic button model with sHAChiF (top) and representative images of sHAChiF treated on the ischemic buttons (Scale bar = 10 mm). b Representative images of rat ischemic button model on d 0 and d 7 after surgery (Scale bar = 10 mm). c Representative Masson’s trichrome staining images of adhesive tissues on d 7 after surgery (Scale bar = 1 mm). d Specification of scoring severity of peritoneal adhesion. e Adhesion formation rates with adhesion scores of sHAChiF per rat. f Quantification of the adhesion scores of dual-sprayable hydrogels. g Representative IVIS images of fluorescence by ChiCy5.5 (cyan; pseudocolor) and sHACy7.5 (magenta; pseudocolor) in dual-sprayable hydrogels at various time points (Scale bar = 50 mm). h In vivo retention profiles of ChiCy5.5 and sHACy7.5 in dual-sprayable hydrogels over time through calculation of fluorescence intensity, normalized by fluorescence at d 0. i Representative iNOS and Arg1 immunofluorescence staining images of adhesive tissues on d 7 after surgery (Scale bar = 50 μm). j Quantification of M1/M2 ratio of peritoneal macrophages in adhesive tissues on d 7 after surgery. Quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL−1β (k), IL-6 (l), and TNF-α (m) from rat serum on d 4 after surgery. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 5 independent samples in b–f; n = 4 independent samples in g,h; n = 5 independent samples in i, j; n = 4 independent samples in k–m). One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test was used for statistical analysis of e,f,j–m. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Image was created using PowerPoint.
Fig 3: Sleep deprivation is associated with an increase in LBP and proinflammatory cytokines levels in circulation, colon, and reproductive organs in female and male rats.(A) Comparison of LBP, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α protein levels in the circulatory system between control and sleep-deprived groups in female (superior section) and male (inferior section) rats. (B) Comparison of mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the colon between control and sleep-deprived groups in female (left section) and male (right section). (C) Comparison of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA levels in reproductive organs between control and sleep-deprived groups in female (left section) and male (right section) rats. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6 in each group), *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
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