Fig 2: Differences in urinary VEGFA level between females or males. Urine levels of VEGFA were determined by ELISA (as Figure 2A). The difference of urinary VEGFA levels between females and males were compared in IgAN patients (A) or healthy controls (B). The urinary VEGFA in IgAN and healthy groups were also compared by sex (C & D). Urinary VEGFA levels were normalized with urinary creatine (Cr). Spots on the dot plot represent individual mean value of ratio of VEGFA concentration to urinary creatinine. Data are presented as median (interquartile range). P value analysis: nonparametric test (Mann–Whitney U)

Fig 3: Expression of VEGFA in urine and circulation of IgAN patients. A. Urine levels of VEGFA in IgAN patients and healthy controls were determined by ELISA. Urinary VEGFA levels were normalized with urinary creatine (Cr). Spots on the dot plot represent individual mean value of ratio of VEGFA concentration to urinary creatinine. B. Serum levels of VEGFA in IgAN patients and healthy controls were determined by ELISA. Spots on the dot plot represent individual mean value of VEGFA concentration. C. Correlation analysis of urinary VEGFA and serum VEGFA in IgAN patients by Spearman's rank correlation. D, mRNA level of VEGFA in PBMC. Real-time PCR was performed using Taqman and mRNA level of VEGFA was normalized using GAPDH as the reference gene. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. p value analysis: nonparametric test (Mann–Whitney U), t-test

Fig 4: BV stimulates CRC angiogenesis by secreting VEGFA. A, B The expression of VEGFA was detected by RT-qPCR and ELISA in HCT116, SW480 and SW620 cells cultured with BV. C Cell migration in HUVECs were examined by transwell assays after HUVECs were plated and cocultured with the CM from HCT116 and SW480 treated with BV. One representative image from three reproducible experiments is shown. Scale bar, 50 µm. Migrated HUVEC numbers are shown in the bar graph. D Tubule formation of HUVECs was shown in representative images after co-incubating with the CM from BV treated HCT116 and SW480. Scale bar, 100 µm. The increasing folds of tube formation is shown in the bar graph. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****, P < 0.0001

Fig 5: BV promotes proliferation and angiogenesis in vivo. A Representative images of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice injected HCT116 cells treated with or without BV. Both the volume and weight of subcutaneous tumor were shown in the right panel. B PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was activated in mice tumor by western blot analysis. C The concentration of IL-8 and VEGFA in mice tumors were detected by ELISA. D The growth of human colon cancer organoids was assessed after 10 days of BV treatment or not. E IHC analysis demonstrated the expression of CD31 in subcutaneous tumors of nude mice. Bars of the right panel represent the microvascular density. Scale bar represents 100 µm. F, G The expression of Ki67 and CD31 in subcutaneous tumors of nude mice and organoid models were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Representative images were shown. Scale bar represents 50 µm and 20 µm, respectively. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001