Fig 1: Dual vaccine inhibits Aβ and tau aggregation, reduces Aβ oligomers, and tau tangles induced cytotoxicity.a, b Immunohistochemical staining on brain sections: Antibodies extracted from immunized serum used for immunohistochemical staining on the brain sections of untreated APP/PS1 mice (a) and 3xTg mice (b). (Serum dilutions 1:1000). c Recognition of various antigens and Aβ forms. The black arrow indicates Aβ plaques; The red arrow indicates tau tangles. Examination of the recognition of various antigens and different forms of Aβ by purified antibodies using dot blot. d, e Aβ aggregation kinetics: Assessment of the aggregation kinetics of 10 μM Aβ by thioflavin T fluorescence assay with or without serum antibodies. f, g Viability of SH-SY5Y cells (Aβ Oligomers): Determination of SH-SY5Y cell viability challenged with 25 μM Aβ oligomers in the presence or absence of 0.1 μM antibody purified from the serum after immunization. h Recognition of tau forms: Examination of the recognition of different forms of tau by purified antibodies using dot blot. i, j Tau aggregation kinetics: Assessment of the aggregation kinetics of 10 μM pTau by thioflavin T fluorescence assay with or without serum antibodies. k, l Viability of SH-SY5Y cells (Tau fibrils): Determination of SH-SY5Y cell viability challenged with 25 μM tau fibrils in the presence or absence of 0.1 μM antibody purified from the serum after immunization. *Data presented as mean ± SEM. Multivariate ANOVA was employed when p ≤ 0.05. Bonferroni-corrected t-test was otherwise applied. Statistical significance denoted as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; ns not significant.