Fig 1: STAT3/JAK blocker combined with THC reduces IL-6, TNF-α, MIP-2, IP-10, and nitrite production in P. a. LPS–stimulated BV2 microglial cells. BV2 microglial cells were pretreated with STAT3 inhibitor AG490 (15 μM), JAK inhibitor WP1066 (10 μM), or THC (40 μM) for 1.5 h before being stimulated by P. a. LPS (0.1 μg/ml) for 24 h. ELISA was used to detect the production of (a) IL-6, (b) TNF-α, (c) MIP-2, (d) IP-10, and (e) nitrite from BV2 microglial cells under P. a. LPS stimulation. The experimental quantitative data are presented in terms of the mean ± SD (n = 3). Bars with the same letter represent no significant difference between the groups. Bars with different letters indicate a statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference between the groups.
Fig 2: NAC inhibits plasma inflammatory cytokine production in LDLR KO PM + HFD mice. There was a significant increase in TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in LDLR KO HFD mice with or without PM compared with PM+ND or ND mice. NAC effectively inhibited inflammatory cytokine production. Inflammatory cytokines were also increased in mice with 1 week and 6 month HFD or PM + ND compared with ND mice. n=5-8. *P<0.01 vs. ND; **P<0.01 vs. HFD; #P<0.01 vs. PM + ND; ##P<0.01 vs. PM + HFD. ND, normal diet; HFD, high-fat diet; NAC, N-acetyl cysteine; PM, ambient fine particulate matter; LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor; KO, knockout.
Fig 3: The inhibition of Nrf2 reversed the protective effect of EF on mRNA iNOS and production of TNF-α and IL-6.A: The protein levels of Nrf2 in nuclear were determined by Western blotting analysis using specific antibodies. B: The mRNA levels of iNOS were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. C/D: The supernatant levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were identified by ELISA.
Fig 4: THC reduces the production of IL-6, TNF-α, MIP-2, IP-10, and nitrite in P. a. LPS–stimulated BV2 microglial cells. BV2 microglial cells were untreated (the mock group) or pretreated with THC (10, 20, or 40 μM) for 1.5 h before being stimulated by P. a. LPS (0.1 μg/ml) for 24 h. The production of (a) IL-6, (b) TNF-α, (c) MIP-2, (d) IP-10, and (e) nitrite was detected using ELISA. The experimental quantitative data are presented in terms of the mean ± SD (n = 3). The mock group was considered as a control group. Bars with the same letter represent no significant difference between the groups. Bars with different letters indicate a statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference between the groups.
Fig 5: THC treatment reduces Snpp-prompted IP-10, IL-6, and nitrite production in P. a. LPS–stimulated BV2 microglial cells. BV2 microglial cells were pretreated with THC (40 μM) or HO-1 inhibitor Snpp (20 μM) for 1.5 h before being stimulated with P. aeruginosa LPS (0.1 μg/ml) for 24 h. The production of (a) IP-10, (b) IL-6, and (c) nitrite was determined using ELISA. The experimental quantitative data are presented in terms of mean ± SD (n = 3). Bars with the same letter represent no significant difference between the groups. Bars with different letters indicate a statistically significant (p < 0.05) difference between the groups.
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