Fig 2: The IC50 dose of compound 3e’s impact on the protein content of BAX, BCL-2, and cleaved Caspase-3 in Caco-2-treated cells as compared to control cells was investigated utilizing an ELISA method. Three different experiments’ average standard deviations are used to represent the findings; p < 0.001.

Fig 3: The influence of the IC50 concentration of compound 3e on the BAX, Caspase-3, and BCL-2 expression levels in Caco-2-treated cells compared to untreated cells were monitored employing qRT-PCR. Three successive assessments’ results are reported as their mean ± SD, p < 0.001.

Fig 4: BAX (bottom) and BCL-2 (top) content in KG-1a cell lines after 48 h of exposure in ‘Bidni’, ‘Bajda’, and ‘Malti’ extracts compared to the control. For BAX content, a significant difference at 90% confidence level was observed between the control and ‘Bidni’ (p-value = 0.061), ‘Bajda’ (p-value = 0.080), and ‘Malti’ (p-value = 0.086) cultivars. Extracts from ‘Bidni’, ‘Bajda’, and ‘Malti’ cultivars in BCL-2 content showed a significant decrease compared to the control, with the former cultivars exhibiting p-values < 0.01, while for ‘Malti’, a p-value of 0.032 was obtained when compared to the control. Different letters (a, b and c) indicate significant difference (p-value ≤ 0.05) by Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA followed by Man Whitney u test.

Fig 5: 2D and 3D representations of the predicted binding modes of (a) BCL2 crystal structure (PDB ID: 1K3K), (b) MMP-2 crystal structure (PDB ID: 1HOV), (c) CDK1/cyclin B1 crystal structure (PDB ID: 4YC3) for benzyl isothiocyanate (blue), compared to the docked methotrexate (red) as a positive control.