Fig 2: Effects of Hericium coralloides and Trametes versicolor extracts on immune cell responses to house dust mite (HDM) stimulation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from whole blood (n = 8) and seeded at a density of 2 × 106 cells/mL. Cells were treated with 1 (solid color) or 10 mg/mL (check pattern) mushroom extracts (HC, Hericium coralloides; TV, Trametes versicolor) for 3 h, and then stimulated with 100 μg/mL HDM (D. pteronyssinus) for a total of 48 h at 35 °C, 5% CO2. The concentrations of (a) interleukin (IL)-4, (b) IL-5, (c) IL-13, (d) IL-6, (e) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and (f) IL-10 were measured via the LEGENDplexTM assay. Data are displayed as medians with an interquartile range, analyzed using the Friedman Test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons where appropriate. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, compared to HDM media control. M, media control; E, ethanol control; G, glycerin control; WE, water–ethanol; KP, water–ethanol with Kakadu Plum; WG, water–glycerin; WGL, water–glycerin liposomal.

Fig 3: Dose–response relationships between mushroom extract concentration and inflammatory mediator release following stimulation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from whole blood collected from healthy volunteers (n = 3–5) and seeded at a density of 2 × 106 cells/mL. Cells were treated with 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL Hericium (H.) coralloides and Trametes (T.) versicolor extracts (water–ethanol without Kakadu Plum (KP), water–ethanol with KP; water–glycerin, water–glycerin liposomal) for 3 h, and then stimulated with 0.1 MOI influenza A/H1N1pdm09 (top panel, n = 5), 5 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (E. coli) (center panel, n = 5), or 100 µg/mL house dust mite (D. pteronyssinus) (bottom panel, n = 3) for a total of 48 h at 35 °C, 5% CO2. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 (top and center panel) and IL-5 (bottom panel) were measured via DuoSet ELISA. Data are displayed as mean ± standard deviation.

Fig 4: Effects of Hericium coralloides and Trametes versicolor extracts on immune cell responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from whole blood (n = 8) and seeded at a density of 2 × 106 cells/mL. Cells were treated with 1 (solid color) or 10 mg/mL (check pattern) mushroom extracts (HC, Hericium coralloides; TV, Trametes versicolor) for 3 h, and then stimulated with 5 ng/mL LPS (E. coli) for a total of 48 h at 35 °C, 5% CO2. The concentration of (a) interleukin (IL)-1β, (b) IL-6, (c) IL-8, (d) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and (e) IL-10 were measured via the LEGENDplexTM assay. Data are displayed as mean with standard deviation, analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak multiple comparisons where appropriate. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, compared to LPS media control. M, media control; E, ethanol control; G, glycerin control; WE, water–ethanol; KP, water–ethanol with Kakadu Plum; WG, water–glycerin; WGL, water–glycerin liposomal.

Fig 5: Effects of Hericium coralloides and Trametes versicolor extracts on immune cell responses to rhinovirus A1 (RVA1) stimulation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from whole blood (n = 8) and seeded at a density of 2 × 106 cells/mL. Cells were treated with 1 (solid color) or 10 mg/mL (check pattern) mushroom extracts (HC, Hericium coralloides; TV, Trametes versicolor) for 3 h, and then stimulated with 1 MOI RVA1 for a total of 48 h at 35 °C, 5% CO2. The concentration of (a) interferon (IFN)-α2, (b) IFN-γ, (c) interleukin (IL)-1β, (d) IL-6, (e) IL-8, and (f) IL-10 were measured via the LEGENDplexTM assay. Data are displayed as mean with standard deviation, analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak multiple comparisons where appropriate. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, compared to RVA1 media control. M, media control; E, ethanol control; G, glycerin control; WE, water–ethanol; KP, water–ethanol with Kakadu Plum; WG, water–glycerin; WGL, water–glycerin liposomal.