Fig 2: Combined use of Bp and 3-HAA alleviates femoral pathology and autophagy in OVX rats. A H&E staining of femoral tissue in rats. B. Measurement of serum levels of E2 and BGP. C WB analysis of protein bands of autophagy-related factors. D Evaluation of the expression levels of autophagy-related factors in rats. n = 10, * P < 0.05 vs. Sham, # P < 0.05 vs. OVX, & P < 0.05 vs. OVX+Bp/OVX+3-HAA

Fig 3: Effect of semaglutide on A serum BALP level, B serum OCN level, C serum RANKL level, D serum CTX level, E serum PYD level, and F serum IL-6 level. Data is represented as mean ± SD. a, significant from the control group; b, significant from the osteoporotic group; c, significant from the alendronate group; d, significant from the SEM 150 group. The test of significance was carried out using ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison test. BALP bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, CTX carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks, IL-6 interleukin 6, OCN osteocalcin, PYD pyridinoline, RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand

Fig 4: MOP improved OP in OVX rats and increased the expression of miR‐21. OVX OP model rats were treated with MOP for 4 weeks. (A) The BMD of the isolated lumbar spine was measured by an X‐ray BMD detector; (B,C) the levels of BALP and BGP in serum were detected by ELISA; and (D) the expression of miR‐21 in rat BMSCs was detected by RT‐qPCR. The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Animal experiment N = 6. One‐way ANOVA was adopted for data comparisons among groups, followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. p value was obtained by a bilateral test, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001. BGP, osteocalcin; BMD, bone mineral density; BALP, bone‐derived alkaline phosphatase; BMSC, bone mesenchymal stem cell; MOP, Morinda officinalis polysaccharide; OP, osteoporosis; OVX, ovariectomy