Fig 1: Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and nNOS in rats' brain tissues of each group (n = 6). Compared with the CON group: #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01; compared with the MOD group: ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01. L-LT: low-dose (100 mg/kg) l-theanine group; M-LT: medium-dose (200 mg/kg) l-theanine group; H-LT: high-dose (400 mg/kg) l-theanine group.
Fig 2: Duodenal motility and neurotransmitters are impaired after prenatal valproic acid exposure. A: Duodenal motility in normal saline (NS) and valproic acid (VPA) offspring at different phases of migrating motor complex (MMC); B and C: Duration of MMC phases I + II (B) and III (C) in NS and VPA offspring groups (NS offspring group n = 8, VPA offspring group n = 8). Unpaired t test, aP < 0.05, bP < 0.01; D and E: Levels of acetylcholine (D) and nitric oxide synthase (E) in NS and VPA offspring groups in the duodenum. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (normal saline offspring group n = 10, valproic acid offspring group n = 10). Unpaired t test, bP < 0.01, cP < 0.001. NA: Normal saline; VPA: Valproic acid; MMC: Migrating motor complex; ACh: Acetylcholine; NOS: Nitric oxide synthase.
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