Fig 1: The effect of 6 weeks of treatment with vitamin D3 (10 µg/kg/day, gavage), vildagliptin (Vilda,10 mg/kg/day, gavage), or combination on metabolic syndrome (MetS)-induced changes in soleus muscle DPP-4 activity (a), serum GLP-1 (b), soleus muscle AMPK activity (c), and soleus muscle GLUT-4 (d). MetS was induced by feeding rats 3% salt and 10% fructose for 12 weeks. Values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6/group). One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons, was used for analysis, a vs control, b vs MetS, and.c vs vildagliptin at p < 0.05
Fig 2: Effect of DM, and/or M. charantia on the (I) glucose; (II) HOMA IR, (III) QUICKI levels; (IV) GLUT4; (V) AMPK; (VI) insulin; (VII) leptin levels in the control and different maternal group in the different groups.Values are expressed as means ± SEM; (n = 6); (a: Significant as compared with the control, P < 0.05), (ab: Significant as compared with DM group, P < 0.05).
Fig 3: Impact of MSM (200 and 400 mg/kg) on AKT/JNK/IRS-1/GLUT4 pathway. (A) Hepatic AKT, (B) Hepatic JNK, (C) Hepatic IRS1, (D) Hepatic GLUT4. Data were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 4. @, %, $ p < 0.05 compared to the DEX, MSM200 + DEX, respectively, using one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons post hoc test. AKT: protein kinase B, CTR: control, DEX: dexamethasone, GLUT4: glucose transporter type 4, IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate-1, JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase and MSM: methylsulfonylmethane.
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