Fig 1: (A) Vagus nerve stimulation improves clinical measurements of inflammation following TNBS injection. (A) The quality of stool produced from unstimulated (TNBS; n = 8) and stimulated (TNBS+VNS; n = 7) rats were scored following the TNBS injection. (B) Blood in stool produced from unstimulated (TNBS; n = 5) and stimulated (TNBS + VNS; n = 4) rats was scored following TNBS injection. (C) CRP content in blood plasma was measured in unstimulated (TNBS; n = 6) and stimulated (TNBS+VNS; n = 6) on day 0 (pre-TNBS control) and days 1, 2, and 4 following TNBS injection. All data show mean ± SEM. Significant differences from control (day 0, pre-TNBS) are indicated by “∗”, while significant differences between unstimulated (TNBS) and stimulated (TNBS+VNS) groups are indicated by “O”.
Fig 2: Levels of A) serum CRP at two different time points and B) tissue COMP from the rats subjected to 4 weeks of swimming, curcumin or swimming combined with curcumin. One-way ANOVA was used as a statistical test followed by Tukey post-hoc test for significance ns: non-significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, n = 6/group.
Fig 3: Evaluation of the cardiac and gut function and of H-HF rats (A) NT-proBNP serum level as determined by ELISA. (B) Left ventricular ejection fraction. (C) Left ventricular fractional shortening. (D) Serum level of IL-1β. (E) Serum level of CRP. (F) Representative traces of M-mode echocardiogram of each group. (G) HE staining of histological changes to heart (× 400) and (H) Serum level of LPS. (I) HE staining of colon tissues (× 100). (J) Serum level of Zonulin. CON: controls; MOD: a rat model of H-HF; SM: a rat model of H-HF treated with SM. n = 6. *p < 0.05
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