Fig 2: Levels of biomarkers across the diagnostic groups. A Combined boxplots and scatter plots showing the CSF activity of PKM (mU/mL) and ALDO (mU/mL) and the concentration of FABP3 (pg/mL) and UCHL1 (pg/mL) in the diagnostic groups presented as median and interquartile range. Analysis was performed by ANCOVA. Symbols indicate the significant comparisons versus SCD ($), MCI (*) and FTD (#). The number of symbols indicates the level of statistical significance: p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001. B Correlation plot (Spearman) for the CSF biomarkers panel in the whole cohort. White colour indicates no significant correlation

Fig 3: Diagnostic performance of the candidate CSF biomarkers PKM, FABP3, and UCHL1. A Heatmap of the AUCs of the single biomarkers for all diagnostic comparisons. B ROC curves of the candidate biomarkers in differentiating control subjects (SCD and MCI; CTRL) from AD patients (AD continuum; pre-AD, MCI-AD, and ADdem) and FTD, as well as FTD from AD continuum. Univariate ROC analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic value of the single biomarkers, whereas the diagnostic performance of the combined biomarkers was evaluated using a logistic regression model