Fig 1: Assessments of neurological outcomes in NAFLD mice. (A–D) Neurobehavioral assessments including percentage of alternation triplets in the Y‐maze (A), speed (B) and time spent in the central area (C) in the open field test (OFT), and number of entries into the open arms (D) in the elevated plus maze (EPM) of db/db mice following EV treatment at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Sample sizes for each time point: 2 weeks (n = 10); 4 weeks (WT, n = 10; db/db‐Veh and db/db‐EVs, n = 8); 6 weeks (n = 8). (E–G) Neurobehavioral tests in MCD mice 4 weeks post‐treatment, including the Y maze (A), OFT (B), and EPM (C) (n = 8). (H–M) ELISA analysis of serum biomarkers across groups (n = 6): VCAM‐1 (H), ET‐1 (I), IL‐1β (J), (H) TNF‐α (K), NSE (L) and BDNF(M). (N–Q) Western blots (N) and quantification of hippocampal neural damage markers for S100β (O), Aqp4 (P), and HMGB1 (Q) in tissues from WT, db/db‐Veh, and db/db‐EVs groups. β‐actin was used as a loading control (n = 8). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. “n” represents biological replicates. Statistical analysis was performed using one‐way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Significance levels: ns (p > 0.05); *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.