Fig 1: Schematic representation of the work flow in the cross-sectional case–control investigation (visual abstract created using CANVA and Biorender). Complement levels were measured in both primary (1°) and secondary (2°) dengue cohorts as well as across different severities of dengue infection based on the WHO 2007 classification. The serum specimens were collected from patients/volunteers and analyzed using commercial ELISA. C1Inh, C1 inhibitor; DWS-, dengue without warning signs; DWS+, dengue with warning signs; MBL, mannose-binding lectin; sCR1, soluble complement receptor 1.
Fig 2: Comparison of serum levels of complement markers in healthy controls (HCs), 1° refers to patients with primary dengue and 2° to individuals with secondary dengue infections. Levels of biomarkers were compared across the three patient groups by Kruskal–Wallis test. Post hoc Mann–Whitney U-tests were subsequently performed for those biomarkers with a Kruskal–Wallis test P-value of <0.05. P-value <0.05 (significant); *, <0.05; **, <0.01; ***, <0.001. HCs, healthy controls; C1Inh, C1 inhibitor; sCR1, soluble complement receptor 1; MBL, mannose-binding lectin.
Fig 3: Comparison of serum levels of complement proteins in healthy controls (HCs), dengue without warning signs (DWS-) as well as dengue with warning signs (DWS) and severe dengue. Levels of biomarkers were compared across the three study groups by Kruskal–Wallis test. Post hoc Mann–Whitney U-tests were subsequently performed for those complement biomarkers with a Kruskal–Wallis P-value of <0.05. P-value <0.05 (significant); *, <0.05; **, <0.01; ***, <0.001. HC, healthy controls; DWS-, dengue without warning signs; DWS+, dengue with warning signs; C1Inh, C1 inhibitor; sCR1, soluble complement receptor 1; MBL, mannose-binding lectin.
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