Fig 1: Schematic diagram highlighting galectin and PSGs fingerprints in pregnancy upon SARS-CoV-2 infection and in women subjected to vaccination. In maternal circulation, levels of gal-1 and PSG1 increased during COVID-19 disease in pregnancy. Vaccination with BNT162b2 caused an upregulation of gal-1 circulating levels mimicking the viral infection. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, placental transcription regulation of gal-1 and gal-3 dominates the galectin signature creating a protective microenvironment. In addition, upregulation of PSGs by the trophoblast cells contributes to immune modulation during COVID-19 disease.
Fig 2: Maternal circulation of PSG1 is only upregulated upon SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. PSG1. (A, B) Maternal circulating levels of PSG1 in the PRINCE cohort (A) or the Yale IMPACT cohort (B). (C–E) Correlations between serum values of gal-1 and PSG1 in the PRINCE cohort. Pregnantcontrol, healthy pregnant women; pregnantSARS-CoV-2, pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2; pregnantBNT162b2, pregnant women vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. *P < 0.05 as analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test or the Welch’s t-test.
Fig 3: Galectins dynamics upon SARS-Cov-2 infection or vaccination during pregnancy. Maternal circulating levels of gal-1 (A), gal-3 (B), gal-7 (C), and gal-9 (D) in the PRINCE cohort analyzed by ELISA in healthy pregnant women (pregnantcontrol, n = 20), pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2 (pregnantSARS-CoV-2, n = 20), pregnant women vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 (pregnantBNT162b2, n = 30), and non-pregnant vaccinated women (non-pregnantBNT162b2, n = 30). Circulating levels of gal-1 (E), gal-3 (F), and gal-9 (G) in the Yale IMPACT cohort analyzed by ELISA in healthy pregnant women (pregnantcontrol, n = 5) or pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2 (pregnantSARS-CoV-2, n = 11). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001 as analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test or Welch’s t-test. In all figures, circulating levels of galectins and PSG1 were determined in triplicate for each serum sample.
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